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Due to the latent characteristics of HIV infection, exceptionality of HIV high-risk population, social discrimination and insufficient awareness of AIDS prevention, timely testing and diagnosis of HIV infection is still a challenge worldwide. Until recently, it is difficult to exactly understand the overall HIV epidemic only using routine surveillance data. Therefore, epidemiological and statistical modeling is widely used to address this issue. Almost at the same time when AIDS was firstly discovered firstly, scientists also began to study the methods for the estimation and prediction of HIV infection epidemic. This article summarizes the development of global and domestic HIV epidemic estimation for the further understanding of its current performance and methods applied to provide reference for the future work.
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Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Epidemics , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Models, StatisticalABSTRACT
Objective: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of HIV-infected adolescents outside school in China and provide reference to targeted prevention and control of HIV infection in this population. Methods: All the HIV-infected adolescents aged 15-17 years outside school reported during 2011-2019 were included this study. The information about their demographics, transmission routes and migration were collected from HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System. The χ2 test was done for comparison among groups. The Joinpoint 4.9.0 software was applied to the annual percent change (APC) for time trends analysis using the Joinpoint regression model. The Excel 2019 and SPSS 22.0 software were used for data cleaning and statistical analysis. Results: A total of 4 919 HIV-infected adolescents aged 15-17 years outside school were reported accumulatively in China between 2011 and 2019, accounting for 63.4% (4 919/7 757) of total reported HIV-infected cases in this age group. Analysis on trend revealed that the new HIV infection diagnosis rate has become stable since 2016 (APC=2.5%, P=0.173) after the increase between 2011 and 2015 (APC=36.4%, P<0.001). The migration across provinces was discovered in 13.9% (684/4 919) of the HIV-infected adolescents outside school. Males, workers, and those diagnosed in detention centers or transmitted by injecting drugs or homosexual contacts accounted for a larger proportion in migrated cases compared with non-migrated cases. The adolescents outside school mainly got HIV infected by sexual contacts route, in which 66.5% (280/421) of the males were infected by homosexual contacts, while 97.8% (182/186) of the females were infected by heterosexual contacts in 2019. Conclusions: HIV-infected adolescents aged 15-17 years outside school were mainly infected by sexual contacts. However, adolescents outside school have low awareness of sexual health and high mobility, to whom close attention should be paid to improve their awareness of sexual health and to provide them with appropriate HIV infection prevention and treatment service.
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Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , China/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Schools , Sexual BehaviorABSTRACT
Platelet microparticles (PMPs) are membrane particles derived from the platelet membrane that enter into the blood circulation. We sought to explore the therapeutic effects of Tao-Hong-Si-Wu Decoction (THSWD) on angiogenesis in a rat model of cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R). The protective effect of THSWD on I/R rats was observed morphologically by immunohistochemical expression of VEGF and CD34, along with immunofluorescence results of co-expression of BrdU and vWF. Then, PMPs from different groups of rats were extracted, and cytokine array analysis was used to screen for angiogenesis associated proteins. The results showed that THSWD can promote the expression of VEGF, CD34, BrdU and vWF. Cytokine array analysis revealed the changes in the expression of 29 related angiogenic proteins in the total protein of PMPs, which involved the Notch signalling pathway. Compared with model group, the expression levels of NICD and Hes-1 in the THSWD group were significantly increased. In the context of I/R, the angiogenesis-related proteins of PMPs are different. THSWD may involve the promotion of activation of the Notch signalling pathway to achieve therapeutic effects on cerebral ischaemia.
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Objective The purpose of this study was to identify a pathogenic variant in a Chinese family with Alport syndrome and analyze the pathogenicity of the variant. Methods Using targeted region capture and high-throughput sequencing technology, we identified the genetic variant of the proband with Alport syndrome, verified the variant in the family members by Sanger sequencing, and analyzed its influence on the pre-mRNA splicing process by in vitro minigene assay. Results A heterozygous variant c.2767G>T (p.Gly923Cys) was identified as a novel variant in exon 32 of the COL4A5 gene in the proband, which was confirmed by Sanger sequencing to be cosegregated with disease in the family. The minigene assay demonstrated that the c.2767G>T variant induced deletion of exon 32 of the COL4A5 gene. Conclusion A novel COL4A5 mutation was identified by targeted region capture and high-throughput sequencing, which has enriched the gene mutation spectrum of Alport syndrome. The exonic mutation c.2767G>T confirmed to be a splicing mutation by in vitro minigene assay, which may lead to a deeper insight into the molecular pathogenesis of Alport syndrome.
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ObjectiveThe nucleic acid technology for detecting drug-resistant genes has become one of the powerful tools for monitoring and controlling the spreading of drug-resistant bacteria. This study was to establish a method for rapid detection of the drug-resistant genes KPC and NDM and provide some guidance in clinical drug use and monitoring the prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria in the hospital.MethodsAccording to the conserved regions of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM), we designed the primers of duplex PCR, optimized the amplification system and established a method for simultaneous detection of the drug-resistant genes KPC and NDM. Then, we analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of the method and applied it to the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.ResultsThe sequences of KPC and NDM exhibited a 100% consistency with those of the original ones. Target fragments of the desired size of 151 bp were detected in the KPC-2 positive standard and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC BAA 1705 standard strains, and those of the desired size of 261 bp were observed in the NDM-2 positive standard strain and NDM-positive pneumococcal bacteria, neither with non-specific amplification. Sequencing of the PCR products showed a 100% consistency between the sequences of the products and those of the drug-resistant genes KPC-2 and NDM-1. The detectable limits of KPC and NDM for duplex PCR were 7×102 and 5×102 copies per reaction respectively. Drug-resistant genes were detected in 12 (92.3%) of the 13 carbapenems-resistant strains, including 10 KPC-positive (83.3%) and 2 NDM positive ones (16.7%), but neither KPC nor NDM in the other 10 carbapenems-sensitive strains. In the 13 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, KPC was detected in 2 (33.3%) of the 6 carbapenems-resistant ones, but neither KPC nor NDM in the other 7.ConclusionThe duplex PCR method can be used for rapid and effective detection of the drug-resistance genes KPC and NDM, with the advantages of high sensitivity and specificity, and is therefore of great significance for guiding clinical drug use and monitoring the spreading of carbapenems-resistant bacteria in the hospital.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The E3 ubiquitin ligase neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 4-1 (NEDD4-1) negatively regulates phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) protein levels through polyubiquitination and proteolysis, but its significance in lung cancer is still unclear. This study investigated the expression and the role of NEDD4-1 in tumor development and chemosensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma (ADC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We retrospectively investigated the expression and significance of NEDD4-1, PTEN, and p-Akt proteins in 135 paired ADC and adjacent noncancerous tissue specimens using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we evaluated the relationship between NEDD4-1 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis. The effects of small interfering RNA against NEDD4-1 on proliferation and chemosensitivity were examined in A549 cells in vitro using 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl) -2-(4-sulfophenyl)- 2H-tetrazolium method. The ability of migration and invasion of A549 cells was tested by transwell assay. Moreover, reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analyses were used to determine the expression of NEDD4-1, PTEN, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt activity, and its downstream target proteins.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>NEDD4-1 protein was significantly upregulated in lung ADC tissues, whereas it was weak or negative in normal lung epithelial cells. The expression of NEDD4-1 in ADC (78.5%, 106/135) was significantly much higher than that in adjacent normal lung tissue (13.3%, 29/135, P < 0.01), and it was associated with lymph node metastasis, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, and chemotherapy resistance. PTEN expression was downregulated in lung ADC (60.7% vs. 100.0% in noncancerous specimens, P = 0.007), and was negatively correlated with lymph node metastasis, histological variants, clinical stage, chemoresistance. In addition, expression of p-Akt in ADC tissues (71.1% 96/135) was much higher than that in adjacent lung epithelial cells (6.7%, 9/135, P < 0.01). Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analysis demonstrated that expressions of NEDD4-1 and PTEN were both independent risk factors for survival in patients with lung ADC. NEDD4-1 knockdown in vivo decreased proliferation, migration, and invasion and improved chemosensitivity to cisplatin and paclitaxel in A549 cells. NEDD4-1 knockdown also significantly enhanced PTEN expression and inhibited p-Akt activity and downstream target proteins.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>NEDD4-1 upregulation may contribute to the progression of lung ADC. NEDD4-1 may regulate the proliferation, invasion, migration, and chemoresistance of lung ADC cells through the PI3K/Akt pathway, suggesting that it may be regarded as a therapeutic target for the treatment of lung ADC.</p>
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Two new steroidal saponins, named timosaponin P (1) and timosaponin Q (2), were isolated from the rhizome parts of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge using various chromatographic methods. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic and spectrometric data, including 1D, 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS and ECD calculations, and this is the first time the absolute configuration of C-23 of steroidal saponin was confirmed by ECD calculations.
Subject(s)
Anemarrhena , Chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mass Spectrometry , Molecular Structure , Saponins , Chemistry , Steroids , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the predictors of condom-use self-efficacy in Chinese college students according to the extended parallel process model (EPPM)-based integrated model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 3,081 college students were anonymously surveyed through self-administered questionnaires in Guangzhou and Harbin, China. A structural equation model was applied to assess the integrated model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the participants, 1,387 (46.7%) were male, 1,586 (53.3%) were female, and the average age was 18.6 years. The final integrated model was acceptable. Apart from the direct effect (r = 0.23), perceived severity had two indirect effects on condom-use self-efficacy through the attitude to HIV education (r = 0.40) and intention to engage in premarital sex (r = -0.16), respectively. However, the perceived susceptibility mediated through the intention to engage in premarital sex (intent-to-premarital-sex) had a poor indirect impact on condom-use self-efficacy (total effect was -0.06). Furthermore, attitude toward HIV health education (r = 0.49) and intent-to-premarital-sex (r = -0.31) had a strong direct effect on condom-use self-efficacy. In addition, male students perceived higher susceptibility, stronger intent-to-premarital-sex, and lower condom-use self-efficacy than female students.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The integrated model may be used to assess the determinants of condom-use self-efficacy among Chinese college students. Future research should focus on raising the severity perception, HIV-risk-reduction motivation, and the premarital abstinence intention among college students. Furthermore, considering the gender differences observed in the present survey, single-sex HIV education is required in school-based HIV/sex intervention.</p>
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Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Asian People , Condoms , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Models, Theoretical , Risk Factors , Self Efficacy , Sexual Behavior , Students , UniversitiesABSTRACT
The genus Solanum which is the largest genus in Solanaceae consists of more than 2 000 species, most of them are distributed in tropics and subtropics areas, and only a small amount in temperate regions throughout the world. Steroidal saponins could be found in many species of the Solanum, and they are an important group of natural products exhbiting a number of potent beneficent properties, such as anti-tumor, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic effects. As supplement, this paper gives a review of different structural categories of steroidal saponins and their pharmacological effects from the solanum plants over the past decade, and it is intended to provide a point of reference for further research on steroidal saponins in Solanum plants.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the characteristics of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in women aged 15-49 years in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>HIV/AIDS cases from 2005 to 2012 that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified on the Chinese HIV/AIDS case reporting system. Descriptive and spatial analyses were performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 103,559 female HIV/AIDS cases were included in our study. Based on the descriptive analysis, between 2005 and 2012, the proportion of heterosexually acquired HIV infection among women (15-49 years) increased rapidly from 35.8% to 87.4%. Approximately 60% of these cases were infected through non-marital heterosexual contact. Among older women (40-49 years), a slightly increasing trend was identified. The spatial analysis detected 'hot spots' in the Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Chongqing provinces. The epidemic trends in these areas were predominately driven by heterosexual transmission.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Non-marital heterosexual contact is a very important factor in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in women aged 15-49 years, and the HIV infection rate in older women is increasing. Several epidemic hot spots were detected in northwestern and southwestern China. Efficient interventions are needed to control the spread of HIV/AIDS among women living in these areas.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China , Epidemiology , Epidemics , HIV Infections , Epidemiology , Sexual Partners , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Objective: To establish a validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the fingerprint analysis of Codonopsis Radix and for the determination of lobetyolin. Methods: HPLC coupled with diode array detection method was employed to establish the fingerprint profile and quantitative determination of lobetyolin in Codonopsis Radix. Principal component analysis method was employed to analyze the 52 Codonopsis Radix samples. Results: The reference chromatogram was generated with 25 common peaks showing good separation from adjacent peaks. Conclusion: Statistical analysis of the obtained data demonstrates that the developed HPLC fingerprint combined with chemometric is a reliable method for the similar evaluation and quality assessment of Codonopsis Radix, and other traditional Chinese herbs. © 2013 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines.
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Drug use (DU), particularly injecting drug use (IDU) has been the main route of transmission and spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among injecting drug users (IDUs). Previous studies have proven that needles or cottons sharing during drug injection were major risk factors for HIV/AIDS transmission at the personal level. Being a social behavioral issue, HIV/AIDS related risk factors should be far beyond the personal level. Therefore, studies on HIV/AIDS related risk factors should focus not only on the individual factors, but also on the association between HIV/AIDS cases and macroscopic-factors, such as economic status, transportation, health care services, etc. The impact of the macroscopic-factors on HIV/AIDS status might be either positive or negative, which are potentially reflected in promoting, delaying or detecting HIV/AIDS epidemics.
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Humans , China , Epidemiology , Drug Users , Geography, Medical , HIV Infections , Epidemiology , Injections , Models, Statistical , Principal Component Analysis , Regression Analysis , Socioeconomic Factors , Spatial AnalysisABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the sero-conversion rate and risk factors among HIV discordant couples in Zhumadian.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sero-discordant couples had been followed up during 2006 - 2011. Information were collected from the National Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Information Management System and the HIV discordant couples Follow-up Management Information System including demographic characteristics of sero-negative spouses, the characteristics of infection and antiretroviral therapy information of index spouses, marital sexual behavior and social support etc., on a biannual basis. Blood specimens of sero-negative spouses were also collected and tested. Cox proportional-hazard model was used to analyze the related risk factors on HIV sero-conversion.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 4813 sero-discordant couples, 127 HIV sero-conversion spouses were identified, with a total sero-conversion rate as 0.63 per 100 person-years. The one-year sero-conversion rate in 2006 - 2011 ranged from 0.29 to 1.28 per 100 person-years. Factors that associated with increased risk of HIV sero-conversion were: sero-negative spouses with lower education level (RR = 1.50, 95%CI: 1.02 - 2.21, P = 0.04), index spouses not received ART (RR = 3.16, 95%CI: 2.20 - 4.56, P < 0.01) and last recorded CD4(+) cell counts as < 200 cells per µl (RR = 2.11, 95%CI: 1.40 - 3.19, P < 0.01), marital sexual contacts in the past 6 months with frequency of ≥ 4 times per month (RR = 4.27, 95%CI: 2.89 - 6.30, P < 0.01) but never used condoms (RR = 6.40, 95%CI: 3.67 - 11.17, P < 0.01), couples had not received any financial support and care assistance in the past 6 months (RR = 4.75, 95%CI: 2.34 - 9.64, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>During 2006 - 2011, the sero-conversion rate among sero-negative spouses in Zhumadian had been stabilized and the rate was lower than it was in the last years. The increase of ART acceptance and its adherence and social support should be improved and focused on the follow-up management towards the serodiscordant couples.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China , HIV Infections , HIV Seropositivity , Risk Factors , Sexual Behavior , Spouses , Viral LoadABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the HIV/AIDS epidemics situation among migrant population.Methods Data on HIV/AIDS cases among mobile population through case reporting system was collected from 2008 to 2011.Results The number of reported cases on HIV/AIDS among mobile population had been rising,with proportions of the total reported cases increased from 10.2％ in 2008,to 18.2％ in 2011.Sexual contacts continued to be the major route of transmission.With the increasing proportion of homosexual transmission,HIV/AIDS cases among mobile population moved from high HIV-prevalence areas in the western and central parts to low HIV-prevalence areas in the eastern part of the country.Conclusion In recent years,the number of HIV/AIDS cases among mobile population was increasing in the case reporting system.Data showed that some male rural migrants had been engaged in commercial sex activities that called for more effective intervention measures to be taken to reduce the new HIV/AIDS infections in the migrant population.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of Evn-50 extracted from Vitex negundo on human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and MCF-7/TAM-R cells in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>MCF-7 and tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7/TAM-R cells were treated with Evn-50,tamoxifen or combination of Evn-50 and tamoxifen. Cell proliferation inhibition rates were determined by MTT assay. The apoptosis rate and the change of cell cycle were detected by PI staining flow cytometry. Protein expression of phospho-MAPK 44/42 (Thr202/Tyr204),MAPK P44/42, phospho-AKT (Ser473) and AKT were detected with Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The viability of MCF-7 cells was decreased in combination group [(28.65 ±11.43)%] and Evn-50 group [(53.02 ±15.14)%] compared with TAM group (P<0.01). The cell viability of MCF-7/TAM-R in combination group [(42.11 ±14.30)%] was significantly lower than that in TAM group [(92.18 ±13.16)%] (P<0.01). The cell apoptosis rate was dependent on the time of treatment in all groups,the effects on apoptosis and G2/M phase cells were most prominent at 72 h (P<0.01). Western blotting revealed that protein levels of phosphorylated AKT and p-MAPK44/42 decreased,while the expression of total AKT and MAPK44/42 was stable. In MCF-7/TAM-R cells,the expression of phosphorylation of AKT and MAPK44/42 protein was not changed in Evn-50 or TAM alone group,but significantly inhibited in the combination group at 72 h.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Evn-50 can inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in MCF-7 and MCF-7/TAM-R cells,it can reverse tamoxifen-resistance of MCF-7/TAM-R cells.The mechanisms may be related to the down-regulation of phosphorylated ERK1/2 in MAPK signal pathway and phosphorylated AKT in AKT signal pathway.</p>
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Female , Humans , Apoptosis , Breast Neoplasms , Drug Therapy , Metabolism , Pathology , Cell Cycle , Cell Proliferation , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , MCF-7 Cells , Phosphorylation , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt , Metabolism , Signal Transduction , Tamoxifen , Therapeutic Uses , Vitex , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression of the ID3 protein in prostate cancer and its clinicopathological significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We detected the expression of the ID3 protein in PC-3M cells by indirect immunofluorescence, and that in 29 prostate cancer and 15 prostate hyperplasia specimens by immunohistochemistry. Then we analyzed the correlation between the expression level of ID3 and the clinicopathological parameters.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The ID3 protein was expressed predominantly in the nucleus of PC-3M cells. Its expression rate was 82.7% (24/29) in the prostate cancer specimens, significantly higher than 6.6% (1/15) in prostate hyperplasia (P < 0.05), and was positively correlated with the Gleason score of prostate cancer (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The ID3 protein is expressed in prostate cancer, and is elevated with the increase of Gleason score.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Fluoroimmunoassay , Immunohistochemistry , Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins , Metabolism , Neoplasm Proteins , Metabolism , Prostatic Neoplasms , Metabolism , PathologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the impact of menarche age (MA) on obese status in late puberty (LP) and mid-life (ML) females.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>2035 girls aged 16 to 18 years were selected from a Beijing Child and Adolescent Metabolic Syndrome (BCAMS) study, which was performed from April to October in 2004, as the LP study population. 479 women aged 41 to 52 years were from the Fetal Origin of Adult Disease (FOAD) cohort, which established in 1995 to 2001, as the ML study population. Based on the 25 and 75 percentile of MA of each population, all subjects of LP and ML were divided into early, middle, and late matured groups, respectively. Overweight and obesity were defined by Chinese age-, gender-specific BMI criteria for LP girls, and Chinese BMI criteria for ML women while central obesity was defined by the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) cutoff of 0.5. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the associations between MA and BMI, waist circumference (WC) and WHtR. The impact of early menarche on obese status in late life was estimated by odds ratio (OR) using logistic regression analyses.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased with the decrease of MA in both LP and ML population. When MA had a one-year advance, a 0.58 kg/m2 increase in BMI and a 1.1 cm increase in WC during LP, and a 0.35 kg/m2 increase in BMI and a 0.6 cm increase in WC during ML were observed. After adjustment for age, residence area and life style related variables, those who experienced earlier menarche were at higher risk of suffering from obesity in LP (OR :8.740, 95% CI: 3.653-20.911) and during ML (2.498, 1.145-5.453) when compared to those with later menarche. We also noticed that the risk increased for central obesity [LP: 14.280 (3.223-63. 267), ML: 15.604 (1.821-133.679)].</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Menarche age appeared to be an independent predictor for obese status in LP and ML among women.</p>